14 Principii del Management
(Henri Fayol)

Centro di Conoscenza

Che cosa sono i 14 Principii del Management?

I 14 principii del Management di Henri Fayol (1841-1925) sono:

1. Divisione del Lavoro. La specializzazione permette che l'individuo sviluppi l'esperienza e migliori continuamente le sue abilità. Quindi può essere più produttivo.
2. Autorità. Il diritto di dare ordini, con cui deve andare la responsabilità equilibrata della sua funzione.
3. Disciplina. Gli impiegati devono obbedire, ma questo ha due facce: gli impiegati obbediranno agli ordini soltanto se la gestione farà la sua parte nel fornire una buona leadership.
4. Unità di Ordine. Ogni lavoratore dovrebbe avere soltanto un capo senza altre linee di ordine in conflitto.
5. Unità di Direzione. La gente impegnata nello stesso genere di attività deve avere gli stessi obiettivi in un singolo programma. Ciò è essenziale per assicurare l'unità e la coordinazione nell'impresa. L'unità di ordine non esiste senza unità di direzione ma non necessariamente dipende da essa.
6. Subordinazione dell'interesse individuale (all'interesse generale). La gestione deve capire che gli obiettivi delle aziende sono sempre preminenti.
7. Retribuzione. Il pagamento è un motivatore importante anche se, analizzando un certo numero di possibilità, Fayol precisa che niente è come un sistema perfetto.
8. Centralizzazione (o Decentralizzazione). Il grado dipende dallo stato del business e dalla qualità del suo personale.
9. Gerarchia (Linea di Autorità). Una gerarchia per unità di direzione è necessaria. Ma anche la comunicazione laterale è fondamentale, finchè i superiori sanno che tale comunicazione sta avvenendo. La catena scalare si riferisce al numero di livelli della gerarchia dall'ultima autorità al livello più basso dell'organizzazione. Non dovrebbe essere ultra elastica e consistere di troppi livelli.
10. Ordine. Sia l'ordine materiale che l'ordine sociale sono necessari. Il primo minimizza il periodo perso e la manipolazione inutile dei materiali. Il secondo è realizzato con l'organizzazione e la selezione.
11. Equità. Nel condurre un business è necessaria “una combinazione di gentilezza e giustizia„. Trattare bene gli impiegati è importante per raggiungere l'equità.
12. Stabilità del Personale. Gli impiegati lavorano meglio se gli si assicura la sicurezza dell'impiego e gli sviluppi di carriera . Un'occupazione insicura e un alto tasso di turnover degli impiegati influiranno negativamente sull'organizzazione.
13. Iniziativa. Permettere a tutto il personale di mostrare che la loro iniziativa in qualche modo è una fonte di forza per l'organizzazione. Anche se comporta il sacrificio della “vanità personale„ di molti manager.
14. Esprit de Corps. La gestione deve sostenere il morale dei suoi impiegati. Inoltre egli suggerisce che: “il vero talento è necessario per coordinare lo sforzo, incoraggiare la perspicacia, usare le abilità di ogni persona e ricompensare ogni suo merito senza destare possibili gelosie e disturbare i rapporti armoniosi.„

5 Funzioni di Management (Fayol)

Nell'ambito dell'attività "amministrativa", l'amministratore - che oggi chiamiamo manager, Fayol distingue cinque funzioni:

1. Prevoyance. (Previsione & Pianificazione). Esaminare il futuro ed elaborare il piano d'azione. Gli elementi della strategia.
2. Organizzare. Sviluppare la struttura, sia materiale che umana, dell'impresa.
3. Ordinare. Mantenere attivito il personale.
4. Coordinare. Legare, unificare ed armonizzare tutte le attività e tutti gli sforzi.
5. Controllare. Vedere che tutto si presenta conformemente alle regola stabilite ed agli ordini espressi.

Origine dei 14 Principii del Management. Storia

Henri Fayol (1841-1925) era un teorico di management francese e le sue teorie di gestione e organizzazione del lavoro erano ampiamente influenti nell'inizio del ventesimo secolo. Era un ingegnere dell'industria mineraria che lavorava per un'azienda di estrazione mineraria, French Commentry-Fourchamboult-Decazeville, inizialmente come ingegnere. In seguito si spostò nel general management e diventò Amministratore Delegato dal 1888 al 1918. Nel corso della sua carica di Amministratore Delegato ha scritto vari articoli sulla “administration„ e nel 1916 il Bollettino de la Société de l' Industrie Minérale, stampò la sua “Administration, Industrielle et Générale - Prévoyance, Organisation, Commandement, Coordination, Contrôle„. Nel 1949 comparve la prima traduzione in inglese:   “General and Industrial Management„ di Constance Storrs.

Uso dei 14 principii di Management. Applicazioni

• Cambiamento ed Organizzazione.
• Processo decisionale.
• Abilità. Può essere usato migliorare l'efficacia di base di un manager.
• Capire che il management può essere visto come varietà di attività, che possono essere elencate e raggruppate.

Referenza Bibliografica: Henri Fayol - General and Industrial Management

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