Change Management Iceberg

Knowledge Center

The Change Management Iceberg of Wilfried Krüger is a strong visualization of what is arguably the essence of change in organizations: dealing with barriers.

The top of the iceberg

According to Krüger many change managers only consider the top of the iceberg: Cost, Quality and Time ("Issue Management").

Below the surface of the iceberg

However, below the surface of the water there are two more dimensions of Change and implementation Management:

• Management of Perceptions and Beliefs, and
• Power and Politics Management

What kind of barriers arise, and what kind of Implementation Management is consequently needed, depends on:

1. the kind of Change

     - hard things "only" (information systems, processes)  just scratches the surface,

     - soft things also (values, mindsets and capabilities) is much more profound

2. the applied Change strategy

     - revolutionary, dramatic change as in Business Process Reengineering

     - evolutionary, incremental change as in Kaizen

People involved in Change

• Opponents have both a negative general attitude towards change AND a negative behavior towards this particular personal change. They need to be controlled by Management of Perceptions and Beliefs to change their minds as far as possible.
• Promoters on the other hand have both a positive generic attitude towards change AND are positive about this particular change for them personally. They take advantage of the change and will therefore support it.
• Hidden Opponents have a negative generic attitude towards change although they seem to be supporting the change on a superficial level ("Opportunists"). Here Management  of Perceptions and Beliefs supported by information (Issue management ) is needed to change their attitude.
• Potential Promoters have a generic positive attitude towards change, however for certain reasons they are not convinced (yet) about this particular change. Power and Politics management seems to be appropriate in this case.

Dealing with Change

Krüger says the general management has a permanent task and challenge to deal with change. Superficial Issue Management can only achieve results at a level consistent with the acceptance that is below the surface. The base of Change Management is in both the interpersonal and behavioral dimension and the normative and cultural dimension, and is subject to Power and Politics management, and to the management of Perceptions and Beliefs.

Article: Wilfried Krüger - Implementation: the Core Task of Change Management, CEMS Business Review, Vol. 1, 1996

Book: Michael A. Beitler - Strategic Organizational change

Book: Linda Ackerman Anderson, Dean Anderson - The Change Leader's Roadmap

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Best Practices The best, top-rated topics about Change Management (Iceberg). Here you will find the most valuable ideas and practical suggestions. 🥇 Reasons and Motives to Resist Change I'm trying to collect a list of all motives for resistance to change by employees. Henk Kleijn and Fred Rorink in their book 'Change management' indicate that there are multiple psychological motives... 44   43 comments 🥈 The ADKAR model by Prosci The ADKAR model by Prosci (1998) helps to deal with the people dimension of change. It can be used to: 1. Diagnose employee resistance to change. 2. Help employees transition through the change proc... 31   6 comments 🥉 What are the Reasons for Change? Why do we really need change in the first place? What are the sources / reasons for the need to change?... 19   5 comments Hidden Resistance to Change It is very important to recognize that the most powerful resistance does NOT come from those who openly disagree with you. For such people you can easily ague it out with them and know where the proce... 18   3 comments What Leadership Style Reduces Resistance? The importance of employees being committed to change cannot be underestimated nowadays, since more and more organizations are operating in a dynamic environment, both internally and externally. How ... 18   19 comments What Punishment for Unwilling Employees? My question is this: when an organization wants to bring change in the organization, we know that if employees are in favour of the change then we reward them and if they are not then they are punched... 15   11 comments Create Involvement and Communicate the Strategic Need to Change Changes in general are difficult and, in most cases, we live them more like a threat than an opportunity. As we all know, these resistors are not random, but part of the deep survival mechanism that h... 14   14 comments Characteristics of Organizations That are Open to Change To what extent should an organisation be open to regular change management initiatives. Are certain types of organisations more receptive to successful change management than others? What characterize... 11   5 comments Automatic Defense Mechanisms to Change What I think is that human beings are reluctant for change by nature. When there is a change taking place around themselves, they will either cope with that or else the automatic defense mechanism wil... 11   4 comments

Expert Tips Advanced insights about Change Management (Iceberg). Here you will find professional advices by experts. Consultancy Tips Teaching Tips Practical Implementation Tips I'll never use the term 'Resistance to Change' again Resistance to Change is a Defensive Attitude... I am working as a change manager in a German IT company. Somebody advised me the other day to read an article about resi... Addressing Concerns Against Change and their Remedies Change Management, Organizational Change, Turnaround Management According to Ken Blanchard in the article “Mastering the Art of Change” (Training Journal, January 2010), it is importan... Personal Networks of Successful Change Agents Leading Major and Minor Change Initiatives Organizational change is often difficult to achieve because it disturbs the hierarchical structures and the way to accom... Leadership Strategies for Change Initiate, implement, develop and sustain change In response to the high rate of change failure, Ken Blanchard and his team have developed the Blanchard Leading Through ... Understanding Why Resistance Occurs Why Acknowledging the Power of Employees is Important The concept of bases of social power is very important for organizations in the context of change initiatives. The sour... Key Success Factors when you're Designing your Change Management Program Best Practices, Change Management, Organizational Change In their article "Making Change Happen, and Making It Stick" (published in the online edition of strategy+business, Dece... Role of Recruiting in Organization Culture So Hard? The ASA Model (Schneider) Organization Culture, Culture Change, Corporate Culture, Change Management, Recruitment Why is changing an organization culture so difficult? Because, once it is established, a culture has the tendency to str... What Change Agents Should I Use? Change Management, Organizational Change, Turnaround Management When choosing between internal or external change agents, organizations should consider following advantages and disadva... The Need to Communicate the REASONS for Change Change Management 1072 survey contributors commented on how improve their chances of thriving, by communicating in ways that build trust a... Assessing the Risks of Change and the Organization’s Capacity for Change Leading Change In their book "Transforming Public and Nonprofit Organization – Stewardship for Leading Change", James Edwin Kee and Kat... Critical Leadership Skills Tackling the Six Stages of Concern In order to tackle all six stages of concern mentioned by Ken Blanchard in the article “Mastering the Art of Change” (Tr... Six Crucial Mind Shifts for Strategy Execution / Implementation Change Management, Strategic Change, Resistance to CHange, Strategy Implementation Speculand (2009) suggests six mind shifts that people should consider when they're implementing new strategies in organi... Strategic Change: Why, What, When, Who and How Preparing Strategic Change If we need to change strategically, we need to think about why, what, when, who and how: - Why do we want to change? - ... The 7C Framework for Successful Personal and Professional Change Personal Change, Professional Change, Personal Transition, Professional Transition, Embracing Change In the article 'Managing Yourself: How to Embrace Complex Change", Brimm (2015) provides a framework of seven C’s that c... The Role of the CEO in Strategic Change Initiation Communicating Strategic Change In management literature the role of the CEO in formulating and implementing strategic change has often been emphasized....

Information Sources Various sources of information regarding Change Management (Iceberg). Here you will find powerpoints, videos, news, etc. to use in your own lectures and workshops. 22 Best Practices in Change Management Change Management, Organizational Change Presentation starts with short introduction of managing organizational change and then outlines 22 best practices in cha... The Nature and Complexity of Organizational Change Change Management, Organizational Change Presentation about organizational change. The presentation discusses and highlights the complexity and multi-dimensional... Dealing with Strong Resisters Dealing with Resistance to Change, Change Management, Training, Workshop Dr. John Kotter gives remarkable advice on dealing with "No, No, People" (strong resisters in change initiatives). Acco... Avoiding Resistance: Communicate Organizational Change to Affected Audiences Organizational Change, Change Management, Change Communications This presentation elaborates on the process of communicating change towards those affected by the change. The presentati... Tips for Successful Change Management Initial Understanding of How to Manage Change Successfully Gavin Wedell explains that to change one's organization, one must change one's inner being. In today's world market con... Effective Change Leadership and Management: Principles, Frameworks and Tools Change Management, Change Leadership Comprehensive presentation on leadership and management in a change context. 1. Introduction and Overview 2. What is t... What is Change Management? Initial Understanding of Change Management In this video Elissa Farrow from About Your Transition explains the relatively new concept of Organizational Change Mana... Professor Evans Explains Why Fast Change Requires New Ways of Learning and Thinking Action Learning, Coping with Change, The Need of Change, The Need for New Ways of Learning In this historic video Action Learning Professor Reg Evans shows that it is very important to understand that today's ra... Dealing with Resistance to Change Change Management, Resistance to Change This presentation focuses on resistance to change and ways to overcome or prevent it. The presentation has good graphics... Resistance to Change and Its Management Change Management, Resistance to Change, Change Resistance This presentation focuses on a specific dimension of change management, namely the management of resistance to change of... Managing Organizational Change Change Management, Leading Change, Organizational Development This is a presentation about the ways to manage change. The presentation includes the following sections: 1. Introducti... Change Management in an Information Technology / IT Context Change Management, Information Systems Planning, Information Systems Architecture, Information Systems Implementation This presentation provides information about the planning and implementation of change, focusing on a context of informa... Managing Organizational Change and Managing Stress Organizational Change; Change Management; Stress Management Presentation about organizational change with a special emphasis on stress management. The presentation includes the fol... Evaluating Organizational Change: Approaches, Reasons, Types and Processes Change Management, Success of Organizational Change, Organizational Learning This presentation elaborates on how to evaluate organizational change. The presentation includes the main known approach... The X Model of Employee Engagement Employee Engagement, Organizational Commitment, Amployee Attitude Organizations aim for success. And so do employees. But individuals (employees, executives, managers) have their own def... The Importance of Adapting to Change Change Management, Need to Change, Change Management Dave Weber reveals that Charles Darwin never said that the strongest of the species survives. What he really said was t... Article by Krüger 1 Change Management Part 1 of the article by Wilfried Krüger in De Wit and Meyer's Strategy: Proces, Content, Context. Used with permission.... Role of Leadership in Change Management Change Management, Leadership Clear presentation about the tasks of leaders in change management by N.H. Amer. First there is an outline of the person... Change Management Iceberg Diagram Resistance to Change Download and edit the 12manage PowerPoint model for limited personal, educational and business use. Republishing in int... Article by Krüger 2 Change Management Part 2 of the article by Wilfried Krüger in De Wit and Meyer's Strategy: Proces, Content, Context. Used with permission....

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Compare with the Change Management Iceberg: Change Model Beckhard  |  Changing Organization Cultures  |  Forget Borrow Learn  |  Change Phases  |  Appreciative Inquiry  |  Positive Deviance  |  DICE Framework  |  Force Field Analysis  |  Core Group Theory  |  Bases of Social Power  |  MSP  |  PMMM  |  Planned Behavior  |  Business Process Reengineering  |  Kaizen  |  Dimensions of Change  |  Seven Habits  | Levels of Culture  |  Culture Types  |  RACI

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