What is the Kraljic Model?
The Kraljic Matrix from Peter Kraljic was first described in an article
"Purchasing must become Supply Management" in the Harvard Business Review
(Sep-Oct 1983). The Kraljic Model can be used to analyze the purchasing portfolio
of a firm and to support corresponding decisions and actions regarding purchasing of commodities, products or a company.
The Kraljic framework is based on two dimensions (see figure):
- Profit Impact: "The strategic importance of purchasing in terms
of the value added by product line, the percentage of raw materials in total
costs and their impact on profitability".
- Supply Risk: "The complexity of the supply market gauged by supply
scarcity, pace of technology and/or materials substitution, entry barriers,
logistics cost or complexity, and monopoly or oligopoly conditions".
The model then distinguishes between the following 4 product categories:
- Leverage Items.
- Definition: Leverage Items are products that represent a high percentage
of the profit of the buyer and there are many suppliers available. It
is easy to switch supplier. The quality is standardized.
- Buyer-seller power situation: buyer dominated, moderate level of interdependency.
- Recommended purchasing strategy: Tender, vendor selections, targeted
pricing, umbrella agreement with preferred suppliers. Call-off orders
are then placed as an administrative formality.
- Strategic Items.
- Definition: Strategic Items are products that are crucial for the
process or product of the buyer. They are characterized by a high supply
risk caused by scarcity or difficult delivery.
- Buyer-seller power situation: balanced power, high level of interdependency
- Recommended purchasing strategy: Strategic Alliance, close relationships,
early supplier involvement,
Co-Creation, consider
Vertical Integration,
long-term value focus.
- Non-critical Items.
- Definition: Non-critical Items are products that are easy to buy and
also have a relative low impact on the financial results. The quality
is standardized.
- Buyer-seller power situation: balanced power, low level of interdependency
- Recommended purchasing strategy: reduce time and money spent on these
products by enhancing product standardization and efficient processing.
- Bottleneck Items.
- Definition: Bottleneck Items are products that that can only be acquired
from one supplier or their delivery is otherwise unreliable and have a
relative low impact on the financial results.
- Buyer-seller power situation: supplier dominated, moderate level of
interdependency.
- Recommended purchasing strategy: Volume insurance contract,
Vendor Managed Inventory,
keep extra stocks, look for potential suppliers.
Origin of the Kraljic Model. History
The portfolio model concept was originally developed by Markowitz (1952),
who used it as an instrument for managing equity investments. Kraljic (1983)
was the first to bring portfolio models into the purchasing area.
Usage of the Kraljic Matrix. Applications
- Analyze purchasing portfolio.
- Decision tool for a purchasing department or purchaser to define priorities.
- Decision tool on strategy to follow for a product or product category.
- Outsourcing of Non-critical Items
and Leverage Items.
Steps in the Kraljic Model. Process
- Decide on the products, product categories to analyze.
- Determine criteria for Profit Impact and Supply Risk
- Decide the detail level of the portfolio analysis (Article or article
group level? For department, business unit or entire corporation?)
- Fill in the Kraljic Matrix (to make it objective make several people score Profit Impact and Supply Risk).
- Analyze and discuss the results.
- Define purchasing portfolio strategy and improvement actions per quadrant of the Kraljic framework.
- Implement and monitor strategy.
Strength of Kraljic. Benefits
The strength of a Kraljic diagram is that it gives in a relative simple way a result from which a clear purchasing strategy can be set up.
You can combine Kraljic with the 5 forces of Porter to get more insight and detail. Combined the 2 mentioned analyses are referred to as the Dutch Windmill (Van Weele, 2005). This gives the matching between your strategy and the strategy of the supplier towards you. It is always interesting to look into the mirror and analyze your attractiveness for the vendors.
Limitations of Kraljic. Drawbacks
Suppliers will also make an analysis on their customers.
Literature: Peter Kraljic - Purchasing Must Become Supply Management - HBR Sept/Oct 1983 Van Weele (2005) - Purchasing and Supply Chain Management
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Kraljic Model Diagram Purchasing Portfolio Mgt. Download and edit this 12manage PowerPoint graphic for limited personal, educational and business use.
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Compare with the Kraljic Model:
Co-Creation |
Outsourcing |
3rd Party Logistics (3PL)
| Vendor Managed Inventory
| Value Chain |
Vertical Integration
| Value Stream Mapping
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Five Forces model
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