Tacit Knowledge

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What is Tacit Knowledge?

Tacit Knowledge is one of two categories of knowledge. The other is: Explicit Knowledge. While explicit knowledge is relatively easy to capture and code in organizations, this is much more difficult with tacit knowledge. As a result, most organizations have concentrated their knowledge management efforts on developing explicit knowledge.

However, tacit knowledge is generally the more important category, because it is often a source of the Core Competence and the Competitive Advantage of any corporation. As a competitive advantage, it is sustainable, because it is so hard to copy or imitate. Furthermore it is crucial for making the right business decisions and also for innovation. From a financial perspective it is an important part of the Intangible Assets of any firm.

The term "tacit knowing" was coined by scientist and philosopher Michael Polanyi. It is important to note that he actually described a process (hence: tacit knowing), and not a form of knowledge.

One way of viewing tacit knowledge is to see it as the glue that is binding the explicit knowledge together. Another way to describe it, is as “know-how”, as opposed to: “know-what” (facts), or “know-why” (science). Another way is to make distinction between embodied knowledge and theoretical knowledge. On this account, knowing-how or embodied knowledge is characteristic of the expert, who acts, makes judgments, and so forth without explicitly reflecting on the principles or rules involved. The expert works without having a theory of his or her work; he or she just performs skillfully without deliberation or focused attention. Knowing-what and knowing-why, by contrast, involve consciously accessible knowledge that can be articulated and is characteristic of the person learning a skill through explicit instruction, recitation of rules, attention to his or her movements, etc. While such declarative knowledge may be needed for the acquisition of skills, the argument goes, it no longer becomes necessary for the practice of those skills once the novice becomes an expert in exercising them, and indeed it does seem to be the case that, as Polanyi argued, when we acquire a skill, we acquire a corresponding understanding that defies articulation.

Tacit Knowledge is difficult to codify, document, communicate, describe, replicate or imitate, because it is the result of human experience and human senses. The skills of a master or of a top manager cannot be learned from a textbook or even in a class, but only through years of experience and apprenticeship.

Nonaka and Takeuchi describe tacit knowledge as a non-linguistic, non-numerical form of knowledge that is highly personal and context specific and deeply rooted in individual experiences, ideas, values and emotions. Furthermore, they distinguish between technical tacit knowledge, meaning skills or concrete "know-how", and cognitive tacit knowledge, which refers to ingrained schema, beliefs, and mental models that are taken for granted.

P. Baumard (Tacit Knowledge in Organizations, 1999) has argued that knowledge in general, and tacit knowledge in particular, can be both an attribute of individuals and of groups, collectives or organizations. Although organizational tacit knowledge may be somewhat different from individual tacit knowledge. See also: Bridging Epistemologies

Hildreth and Kimble (The duality of knowledge, 2002) argue that the common approach to try to convert tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge, and then handle it using the 'traditional' approach is flawed. Some knowledge simply cannot be captured. A method is needed which recognizes that knowledge resides in people: not in machines or documents. They argue that knowledge management is essentially about people and the earlier technology driven approaches, which failed to consider this, were bound to be limited in their success. They suggest as practical way forward to use Communities of Practice, which provide an environment for people to develop knowledge through interaction with others in an environment where knowledge is created nurtured and sustained. Other systems via which organizations try to develop or capture tacit knowledge include special portals, search engines, resident experts, and documentation systems for experts.
 

Forum Forum about Tacit Knowledge. Recording Tacit Knowledge A skill matrix is useful for recording employees knowledge bank on subject matters. When required, it can be like a library to seek out an "expert" on a subject within the organization. This is partic... 11   7 comments How to Learn Tacit Management Skills The best way to learn good tacit management skills is to have the student learn by copying and observing a good manager (mentor) managing. In this way, a developing astute student manager will display... 9   6 comments Know How, Know What and Know When Tacit knowledge is an essential part of the "profound knowledge" as referred by Deming. It let us manage "know how" with "know what" and "know when". If your know "what" you can say that you have dia... 8   1 comments 🔥 Reusable Knowledge | Reuse of Knowledge Knowledge Management can advance by moving from a two-fold (Tacit and Explicit) approach to a three-fold (Tacit, Explicit and Reusable Knowledge) one. This will improves the state of the entire effect... 6   Indiginious Knowledge This tacit knowledge is lke to indiginious knowledge. It should be nursed with high care. Any country or organization can progress by using its tacit knowledge, especially in education systems.... 6   1 comments Tacit Knowledge -- Grapevine In an organisation, another useful source of knowledge is the "GRAPEVINE". It is defined as: the informal transmission of information, gossip, or rumor from person to person. It also means a usually u... 5   1 comments Communities of Practice I noticed an interesting article in the Harvard BR March 2010) providing some interesting thoughts on communities of practice. According to authors Richard McDermott and Douglas Archibald, communities... 5   Using Tacit Knowledge for Organogram If we can measure the knowledge of an employee then we can suitably post him in the hierarchy of the organization. Since the organogram (structure and restructure) of the organization is very difficul... 4   1 comments Has Polanyi Been Misunderstood? Tacit vs. Explicit Knowledge “The ideal of a strictly explicit knowledge is indeed self-contradictory; deprived of their tacit coefficients, all spoken words, all formulae, all maps and graphs are strictly meaningless.” - Polyan... 3   How to Transfer Tacit Experience Globally Along with Chinese companies going global comes the need to reducing ramp-up time and cutting costs during knowledge and experience transfer. Investing in new technologies and patents is one part of t... 2   Tacit Knowledge in Business Management Indeed tacit knowledge has not been given its due (what it deserves) in general management practise. In an environment where there is inadequate availability of data, one way by which managers could... 2   2 comments Performance Contracting for Tertiary Institutions in Kenya - The Death Bed of Innovation While performance contracting has its place in quantifiable tasks, it leaves many questions than answers when introduced in a technical middle level institution where faculty staff should be keen to d... 0   Start a new topic about Tacit Knowledge Sign up for free

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Best Practices The best, top-rated topics about Tacit Knowledge. Here you will find the most valuable ideas and practical suggestions. 🥇 How to Identify and Measure Tacit Knowledge? I want to evaluate the faculty tacit knowledge. Does anybody have empirical or practical knowledge about this subject? Thanks in advance.... 18   3 comments 🥈 Reliance on Tacit Knowledge Westerners seem to denigrate the role of tacit knowledge in job performance without objective justification. Thus, without objective justification, I will state that the power of communities of practi... 10   29 comments

Expert Tips Advanced insights about Tacit Knowledge. Here you will find professional advices by experts. Consultancy Tips Teaching Tips Practical Implementation Tips Positive Effects of Age Diversity on Company Productivity and (Tacit) Knowledge Sharing Tacit Knowledge Transfer, Workforce Productivity, Incentive Management Backes-Gellner and Veen (2013) outlined the main advantages of having a diverse workforce within a company. The followin... How to Identify and Map Knowledge Knowledge Identification, Knowledge Capturing, Knowledge Storage In his article “Knowledge Mapping: The Essentials for Success”, Wesley Vestal provides following six tips to identify an... Capturing Learned Lessons How to Capture Organizational Learning? Best Practices Knowledge from bad and good experiences will lead you and your organization to better future performance. You can improv... Barriers that Hinder Effective Knowledge Sharing Effective Knowledge Sharing, Pitfalls to Avoid, Knowledge Management Implementation According to Chris Collison, there are seven common barriers or syndromes that hinder effective knowledge sharing and se... The N-Form Organization (Hedlund) Alternate KM Framework Gunnar Hedlund of the Stockholm School of Economics introduced the notion of the N-Form corporation in 1994. He proposed... Knowledge Management Scope Knowledge Management, Level of Know-how Research by Deishin Lee (HBS) and Eric Van den Steen (MIT) shows that recording mediocre know-how can actually be counte... Knowledge Management Focal Point Knowledge Management Focus Research by Deishin Lee (HBS) and Eric Van den Steen (MIT) shows that information about successes is typically more usef...

Information Sources Various sources of information regarding Tacit Knowledge. Here you will find powerpoints, videos, news, etc. to use in your own lectures and workshops. People and Latent Knowledge in Organizational Learning Knowledge Creation, Explicit Knowledge, Tacit Knowledge Knowledge management theory has struggled with the concept of knowledge creation. Since the seminal article of Nonaka in... Revisiting Knowledge Management Integrating Knower with the Knowledge Processes Very good paper by Madhukar Shukla gives historic overview of KM, 3 dimensions of KM and future directions of KM.... Knowledge Management and Organizational Learning Models, Implementation, Overview, Examples An extensive presentation explaining both the concept of Knowledge Management and Organizational Learning by H. Gundogan... How to Improve Knowledge Sharing in Knowledge-intensive Organizations Knowledge Management, Knowledge Sharing Motivation, Knowledge Sharing Platform. Tacit Knowledge This presentation elaborates on the concept of knowledge sharing, thereby focusin on a knowledge-intensive organization ... Overview of Existing Types of Knowledge Knowledge Management, Knowledge Types, Tacit, Implicit, Explicit, Declarative, Procedural Knowledge This presentation provides an overview of the different types of knowledge that exist. The presentation includes the fol... Knowledge Management Systems Architecture Knowledge Management, Knowledge Creation, Knowledge Systems, Knowledge Architecture This presentation is about knowledge development and management, including the following sections: 1. Overview 2. Know... Management Accounting of Intangible Assets Intangible Assets, Intellectual Capital Measurement This presentation provides information about intangible assets and the effective management/accounting of these assets. ... Leveraging Cognition for Competitive Advantage:A Knowledge-Based Strategy Process Knowledge-intensive firms Article by Senthil K. Muthusamy and Ramaraj Palanisamy. One of the central bases for achieving competitive advantage is ... Knowledge Sharing and Organizational Learning through Communities of Practices Knowledge Sharing, Organizational Learning, Communities of Practices, Special Interest Groups Knowledge management in Communities of Practice (CoPs) This presentation is about organizational learning and knowledge... Introduction and Summary of SECI Initial Understanding of SECI. Start of workshop/training Knowledge Management Is utilizing tacit (the unseen huge part of the iceberg), as well as explicit (the tip of the iceb... Introduction and Summary of Intangible Assets (IAS38) Initial Understanding of Intangible Assets, Accounting Treatment Accounting treatment of intangible assets: - Identifiable (seperable, legal right) - Non-monetary Assets (non-cash) -... N-Form Organization Knowledge Management, Tacit Knowledge The Dynamics of Knowledge Management in an N-Form Organization.... 3 Pillars of KM Knowledge Management Three Pillars of Knowledge Management (Wiig)....

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