Microfinance

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What is Microfinance?

Microfinance is the supply of small loans and other financial services to people with a low income who would otherwise have no access to credit from traditional banks and financial institutions. Microfinance is seen by some as a viable solution to reduce poverty, enabling those at the Bottom of the Pyramid to reshape their destiny.

Microfinance basically consists of offering small loans to poor working people of developing countries, who carrying out their daily business activities, are able to repay their debts at the end of a fixed period, usually a day or a week. The value of the loans generally ranges from 1$ to a maximum of 200$. The money is lent from local organizations, so called Microfinance Institutions (MFI), when certain conditions are met.

The concept of microfinance when applied to insurance services take the name of Microinsurance.

Why Microfinance

Traditionally banks were unable to serve the base of the pyramid, because the fixed costs (assessment of potential borrowers, their repayment prospects and security; administration of outstanding loans, collecting from delinquent borrowers, etc) were too high in the case of small loans. Also poor people typically have few assets to serve as collateral.

On the other hand it was clear that the poor people represented a huge potential market in need for financial services that wasn’t served at all.

What are the Needs of Poor People?

Microfinance experts thus studied patterns and specific needs of a typical base of the pyramid customer. Stuart Rutherford in his recent book "The Poor and Their Money", cited 4 types of needs of the poor (compare: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, Packhard’s Hidden Needs, and McClelland's Theory of Needs):

1. Lifecycle Needs: childbirth, weddings, children education or professional training, funerals, the building of a new house, age of maturity.
2. Personal Emergencies: sickness, injury, unemployment, thefts, harassments or death.
3. Disasters: fires, floods, cyclones and other natural disasters or a war.
4. Investment Opportunities: business growth or stability, land or equipments purchases, house improvement, securing a job, etc.

Origin of Microfinance. History

The history of microfinance goes back to 1974 when Professor of Economics at University of Chittagong, Dr. Muhammad Yunus, with the intent of finding a practical solution to poverty, experienced the first microfinance attempt himself. During a visit to a rural village in Bangladesh, he lent 27$ to a community of 42 people who were otherwise unable to make out a living. The result was that those people were able to invest that amount in their small woodwork business, sell their products, buy food and other basic stuff and give to the money back to the professor with interest. Inspired by his successful experience and after in-depth studies on the topic, he started a professional micro-financial activity and in 1983 he created the Grameen Rural Bank, the first Microfinance Institution that today accounts for 1 billion $ in loans spread to over 7 millions borrowers.

Professor Muhammad Yunus and Grameen Bank were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize 2006 for 'for their efforts to create economic and social development from below'.

During the 80’s and the 90’s, after many researches and experiments proving the business viability and profitability of Yunus' concept, microfinance institutions grew constantly in number till topping 3000 in 2006. Most microfinance institutions started their business as non-profit organizations sustained by grants and subsidies, and have been able to turn into for-profit corporations attracting investors globally.

Major banks, attracted by high growth rates, started instituting funds focused on microfinance that allow investors from all over the world to invest in this new industry, movement or Microfinance Channel, as it has been defined by management scholars.

The Microfinance Concept in More Detail

The concept of microfinance is based on a primary principle holding that most human beings will do their best to be well off, provided they have the required tools. This is one of the reason, combined with a strict selection of borrowers, why microcredit has the highest repayment rate if compared to all other form of loans issued by traditional banks.

Unfortunately, studies demonstrated that microfinance cannot work everywhere and not everybody is a good candidate for microcredit. In order to be useful and successful for the borrower while viable and profitable for an institution, the following microfinance conditions must be met.

1. Developing or third world economies. Microfinance is characterized by low-amount financial services and that is why it finds application in developing or third world economies. Poor people living in industrialized countries cannot leverage 10$ to grow their small business.
2. A socio-economical environment that offers market opportunities for small craft businesses. The vast majority of microcredit is issued to borrowers who have environmental-friendly craftiness of any sort, such as woodworks, sewing, agriculture, etc…that perfectly fit sustainable development of local small communities. Regions with extremely low density, very poor infrastructures, lack of law and order, or having a large portion of the population affected by diseases are better of with grants or investments in infrastructure and education. In some parts of Africa the economic system is so weak that people would have nothing to do with a small amount of money, especially where barter is still the most common form of trade.
3. The mentality to honestly escape poverty. Values and mentality matter: it is fundamental that borrowers are members of a community that commit to honestly escape poverty. Many studies demonstrated that women, who are currently the largest and most preferred category of microcredit clients, are better loans payers than men because of the care they have for their families’ well being. Moreover, community pressure put forth by people living in small local communities, such as in villages located in India or Guatemala, helps borrowers to maintain a high level of commitment to repay their debts. If a borrower couldn’t pay an installment the other villagers would probably help her. If she would be unwilling to meet her obligations the pressure exerted on her from the other villagers (happy with microcredit) would be too high.

Effects of Microfinance

Besides helping to reduce poverty, the following effects were found:

1. The empowerment of women and the promotion of gender-equity. Especially in rural communities where their role is more marginal, women acquire decision power and a more active role in their family development and well being.
2. A boost to growth and stability to local small businesses located in developing countries.
3. The opportunity for low-income individuals to take advantage from favorable economic conditions due to removing a Barrier to Entry.
4. The development of a planning attitude in people who couldn’t satisfy their basic needs. Most microfinance clients have been able to break a closed loop of poverty by acquiring assets, sending their children to school, and improving their living conditions.

Forum Forum about Microfinance. Using Post Offices Towards Microfinancing In India post offices have been helpful in a big way in small savings and life insurance for a long time. With the large expanse and reach they provide, they form the best and efficient back bone to r... 14   Micro Finance is for Business People Microfinancing (MF) is for entrepreneurs, business people. Sometimes MF gets mixed up with gifts. However it's important to get the money back. We should select small business enterpreuners, the minds... 13   2 comments 🔥 PROs and CONs of Microfinance: An Overview Microcredit has been seen as the magic bullet that can help the poor to escape poverty, however in recent years the flaws of microcredit schemes have become more clear and have shown that not everythi... 10   3 comments Microfinance Needs Trust The basis of the relationship is trust. No trust, no microfinance. It is why people are returning that money. No trust, no returns whatever the interest rate and who borrows (businesses, households, f... 6   During its Evolutionary Path, Microfinance is Getting More Expensive... The idea behind microfinance if implemented well can solve rural poverty and propel development from below. However, during its evolutionary path, the proprietors of microfinance have factored in hidd... 5   Problems with Microfinance: Beneficiaries Lack Financial Expertise Microfinance provides the poor with access to funds, but the beneficiaries are not well empowered to use them, due to a lack of financial skills and knowledge. The LACK OF FINANCIAL EDUCATION is the b... 4   1 comments Microfinance for Housing (MFH) Housing is a basic need of the human being. After eating and clothing, housing is the most important. Nowadays the construction a house is a difficult and costly task. So there are various financial i... 4   Microfinance Research and Intelligence Several of the issues posted by our community mates here can be solved or analyzed by research. Knowledge about the financial patterns of different segments or groups of people can drive the reduction... 4   Microfinance Types: Group and Individual Lending In the article ‘Microfinance as Business’, Roodman and Qureshi (2006) dinstinguish two different types of microfinancing: group lending and individual lending. Besides, within group lending, two subgr... 3   Taxation of Microfinance Institutions I have been thinking about whether microfinance enterprises - i.e. companies and business organisations that give small loans to the poor to finance their businesses - should pay tax. Why should they ... 3   1 comments Non-interest Banking What's your view on non-interest banking? Is it advisable for a developing country like Nigeria?... 3   Management and Business Coaches Needed in Microfinance Microfinance institutions in Cameroon need management coaches. Very rapidly you find microfinance institutions opening up and in a short while, usually after the first 5 years, they close down. Repor... 2   1 comments Microfinance Challenge: Solvency of the Borrowers The great challenge for associations or financing societies which manage microfinance operations, is the solvency of the borrowers. In some cases, the actual debt not recovered may be several thousan... 2   1 comments Influence of Economic Crisis on Microfinance Is Microfinance influenced by the current economic global crisis? How?... 2   2 comments Exclusion of Conventional Commercial Banks from Establishing Micro-finance Banks The establishment of micro-finance banking institutions is a welcome development, but I suggest that the Central Bank of Nigeria (C.B.N.) should forbid/exclude existing commercial banking institutions... 1   3 comments What is the Best Way to Manage Microfinance in Sudan? SITUATION OF MACRO-FINANCE IN SUDAN The concept of Micro-Finance in Sudan is funding needs for: - Poor people who practice a small production business or profession in the market or home and can not... 0   1 comments Start a new topic about Microfinance Sign up for free

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Best Practices The best, top-rated topics about Microfinance. Here you will find the most valuable ideas and practical suggestions. 🥇 What is Financial Inclusion? As explained above, microfinance was an initial, PRIVATE effort pioneered by Muhammad Yunus to reduce poverty by giving impoverished entrepreneurs access to microcredits and other financial products a... 33   13 comments 🥈 Accreditation in Microfinance / Financial Inclusion Has anyone established a MF or FI platform to help poor communities? I am looking to be part of such organisation. In Germany we have ways of getting accredited but it is quite long and bureaucratic. ... 18   1 comments 🥉 Disadvantages of Microfinance / Microloans. Risks The basic idea is benevolent and enabling, but experience has proved that many poor married women with microloans resort to prostitution to get the money to pay back, which affects the ethical side of... 18   2 comments What is Poverty Reduction in Development Economics? Poverty reduction means the process of increasing the number of middle class people rather than decreasing the number of poor people.... 17   1 comments Microfinance Counseling is Necessary My experience with microfinance goes back to projects that I initiated in the mid-90s in Yugoslavia, volunteering with the Serbian Zdravo-da-Ste organization. Good counseling, close to the circumstan... 16   History of Microfinance I would like to add that poet Rabindranath Tagore, Nobel laureate for Literature (1913), introduced microcredit over 100 years ago: “Rabindranath Tagore’s contribution to core financial sector is anot... 16   Middle Class is Key for Improving Quality of Life The middle class is the key to improving the quality of life in the world. We can see the results in the BRICS countries (Ed: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa): the middle class is increa... 15   Micro Financing Helps This micro finance helps the poor to change their life standers. It is true that undefended people don't need any help, but God serves those who helps and promotes the humanity.... 14   4 comments Recent Microfinance Trends What are the most recent developments in the area of Microfinance?... 12   13 comments Micro Finance for Persons with Disabilities Can someone let me know some (examples of) how persons with disabilities are included in micro finance processes?... 7   3 comments Microfinance & Microcredit Need Kind-hearted People I see that the difference between normal global banks and the microfinance institutions lies in the kindhearted entrepreneurs and merciful relevant professionals as well as the welfare wealthy. Peopl... 6   3 comments Is Microfinance a Success? Micro finance has been accepted widely in India. The question is whether it has really helped the upliftment of the poor?... 6   6 comments Microfinance Impact on Rural Development Microfinance in the rural areas when properly channeled is of great significance to the development of the rural folks and rural areas. Many institutions like IFAD, DFID etc. have come into the scene... 5   3 comments

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Information Sources Various sources of information regarding Microfinance. Here you will find powerpoints, videos, news, etc. to use in your own lectures and workshops. Microfinance in Emerging Economies Microfinance This presentation elaborates on the concept of microfinance and microcredit in a context of emerging economies. The pres... Microfinance Introduction, Best Practices, Trends Microfinance, Microcredit Presentation that elaborates on the concept of microfinance and its best practices. The presentation includes the follow... History of Microfinance Microfinance, Banking for Women, Banking for Poor Entrepreneurs Prof. Dr. Yunus tells, based on countless anecdotes, how it all started with his bank for Microfinance in Bangladesh. H... Tools for Social Entrepreneurs Social Business Idea Generation, Business Development, Funding, Marketing and Partnerships, Social Business Toolkit This nice toolkit provides many useful tools for social entrepreneurs wanting to establish a social business. It include... Microfinance In-depth Microfinance In-depth presentation on microfinance, with an emphasis on India to explain the concept; potentials and challenges, best... Risk Management in Rural Agricultural Lending Agricultural Risk Management, Micro Finance, Bottom of the Pyramid, Agriculture Risk Management Presentation about Risk Management, especially focused on the Risks in Agricultural Lending. The presentation includes t...

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